ComplexityRankings

The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) ranks countries by the diversity and sophistication of what they export — not just how much. Countries that produce many different, specialized, hard-to-replicate products score higher, reflecting the depth of productive knowledge embedded in their economy. The Product Complexity Index (PCI) applies the same logic to individual products.

Complexity is measured across four dimensions: trade flows (ECI Trade), patents (ECI Technology), research publications (ECI Research), and software employment (ECI Software) — each capturing a different aspect of a country's productive know-how.